William Shakespeare s Twelfth Night Or What You Will

Twelfth Night or What You Will by William Shakespeare is a classic play full of countless humorous encounters between couples and romantic happenstances between those who should not have romantic relationships. As one of Shakespeare’s most famous comedies, the play explores many problems that seem to be ahead of its time. Within the play, there are instances of cross dressing (Viola as Cesario), homosexual encounters (Sebastian and Antonio), and the ever-asked question of â€Å"what is love?†. Love is regarded in extremely different and confusing ways to the various characters of the play, especially Viola, Duke Orsino and Olivia. Focusing on these three main characters, this paper will discuss the problems each character has regarding love†¦show more content†¦When Orsino leaves after tasking Cesario with winning over Olivia, Viola exclaims, â€Å"yet a barful strife! /Whoe’er I woo, myself would be his wife† (1.4.41-42). Viola quickly falls in love with the man she works for and easily admits it to herself, but knows that she is unable to follow through with any of her feelings because she must remain Cesario for the time being, though she is unsure of just how long this cross dressing will last. Viola’s main dilemma in love is that she is a â€Å"man† at the time of her meeting the Duke because the only position open on the island of Illyria is of a man’s. The timing of this play is in an extremely patriarchal society and there would have been no way for Viola to remain a woman while fulfilling the servant position to the Duke. The love that Viola has for Duke Orsino causes visible problems to the audience when the pair discuss their feelings on love and relationships. In the second act of the play, there is an instance where the Duke infers that Cesario is in love with someone. In this conversation lies Viola’s true thoughts regarding love, however, they are hard to decipher as she attempts to keep her male presentation at the forefront. After listening to the Duke’s views on love (to be considered later in this paper) Viola politely disagrees with her master by saying, Too well what love women to men may owe. In faith, they are as true of heart asShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night Or What You Will Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesWith every good story, there must be reason to the madness. With every great story, the audience is left to question their own thoughts over time. But what really makes a story great? Is it love and good will throughout where in the end nearly everyone is happy and all is well? Shakespeare’s play, Twelfth Night, or What You Will is an example of exactly this happy ending story. Or is it the taboo and transgressions of a story’s characters that make it great? Such as in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet;Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Life Experiences997 Words   |  4 Pages Kemal 1 Ayesha Kemal Mrs. Holcombe Period: 7 10/05/14 Shakespeare’s Life Experiences William Shakespeare was born on April 26, 1564 to John and Mary Shakespeare. As a child Shakespeare grew up in the town of Stratford-upon-Avon in the United Kingdom. He grew up attending a school called King Edward VI School, where he learned to read, write, and use proper grammar. He continued to attend school until his family had some economic hardships and he was unable to attend university. Instead he got marriedRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s The Twelfth Night 1246 Words   |  5 PagesCharles 1 Bradley Charles Professor Eddie Coleman English 100 14 November 2016 Writing Devices in Shakespeare s The Twelfth Night William Shakespeare is one of the most well-known writers of all-time. William Shakespeare was born in the United Kingdom in April of 1564, to a family who was neither noble or wealthy (http://www.shakespeareinamericancommunities.org). He attended the local grammar school, where he was taught Greek mythology, Roman comedy, history, grammar, and Latin. He didRead MoreShakespeare s Twelfth Night : Gift Exchange, Debt And The Early Modern Matrimonial Economy1321 Words   |  6 Pagesthe ages depicted different sexual orientation and gender identification. The play Twelfth Night made produced by William Shakespeare discusses the topics of sexuality during the early 17th century. The articles Gender Trouble in ‘Twelfth Night by Casey Charles agrees that the main central theme of this play is associated with gender identification and sexuality. However,the article â€Å"Rings and Things† in Twelfth Night:Gift Exchange, Debt and the Early Modern Matrimonial Economy by Ste phanie ChamberlainRead MoreTwelfth Night Love Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pages William Shakespeare has written a number of romantic comedies. Twelfth Night is one of the finest comedies of the author. Shakespeare is driven by Viola’s decision to voluntarily conceal her identity and go to work as a servant for the lovesick Orsino.This disguise and gender confusion are there in the beginning of the play and finishes with happy ending. This paper tries to ascertain how Viola in Twelfth Night perform her disguise and become an ideal woman of Shakespeare’s own concept. There mayRead MoreCompare And Contrast Hamlet And Twelfth Night1162 Words   |  5 PagesFrom Hilarity to Tragedy in Shakespeare: How Hamlet and Twelfth Night Compare By Zawadi Bunzigiye William Shakespeare wrote plays covering the breadth of human experience. They seem to have transcended the restraints of age because of the universal themes that they contain. His body of his work is comprised of genres of plays varying from tragedies to comedies. Of them, Hamlet and Twelfth Night are perfect examples of both. A comparison between them would be of interest because their common pointsRead MoreThe Most Influential Poet Of All Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pages Kenny Fancher Mrs. Sessions ENG 233 6 December, 2016 Shakespeare: The Most Influential Poet of All Shakespeare, the most recognizable and famed Author/Poet to ever live, is still such a largely loved and extremely relevant character even I today s society.. He is a widely acclaimed artist who over the span of his life has amassed many of followers and has been acknowledged by many as the greatest Dramatist of all time. He has accomplished many things throughout his life andRead MoreComparison Between Christopher Marlowes Doctor Faustus and William Shakespeares Twelfth Night872 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Christopher Marlowes Doctor Faustus versus William Shakespeares Twelfth Night Both Christopher Marlowes Doctor Faustus and William Shakespeares Twelfth Night deploy many of the same characteristic rhetorical features of 16th century verse dramas. Both plays are characterized by highly elaborate language, usually in iambic pentameter, although different types of verse structures are occasionally used to convey different moods or character types. Both plays combine tragedy and comedy within theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night2005 Words   |  9 Pagesrole that gender plays in Shakespeare’s work. Focus on Twelfth Night or King Lear—or discuss both plays together. Do you see these patterns repeated? Or do you see them being challenged and somehow undermined (implicitly or explicitly) in the plots and language of the play s)?† wants to know if Shakespeare wanted to break the pattern of women being passive objects to men in the literature. In the story Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare all of the roles are played by men. In the fifteenth centuryRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Taming Of The Shrew And Twelfth Night 702 Words   |  3 PagesAlyssa Nowak 6 October 2016 Prof. Ron Dye FYS: Shakespeare Comedies Midterm Disguise and Trickery One of the many factors that William Shakespeare implements throughout all of his comedic plays is the element of disguise and trickery. This element is shown through his works of As You Like It, Taming of the Shrew, and Twelfth Night. The primary purpose for using disguise and trickery is for deceit. The deception involved with changing characters’ identities is used for momentary gain. In the

Causes and Solutions to the Problem of Child Labor

Every year on 12 June, people around the world celebrate the World Day against Child Labour, a day dedicated to the goal of creating a world in which children everywhere can grow up without the threat of being forced into child labor. An estimated 246 million children are engaged in child labor, with nearly 70 percent of them (about 171 million) working in hazardous conditions, including work in mines and quarries, work with chemicals and pesticides or with dangerous machinery. â€Å"Children as young as five are forced to spend long hours doing back-breaking labor, often in harsh weather and without access to health care,† UNICEF Executive Director Ann M. Veneman said. â€Å"Children mining rock, gold, coal, diamonds and precious metals in Africa,†¦show more content†¦EDUCATION Children need to learn how to read and write. They need social and professional skills that only school and a nurturing environment can provide. Some countries have compulsory schooling and some provide free public schooling. However, in many countries, particularly for those where structural adjustment lending has led to the privatization of schools-the cost of teaching, books, and uniforms makes it impossible for children to get an education. Furthermore, for education to become a solution to child labor, schools must be located close to where these children live. Education must be free and compulsory up until the minimum legal age for employment. LABOR LAWS Most countries have laws against child labour; however, some governments support child labor (regardless of existing laws) as a way of gaining a competitive advantage in the economic market. Preventing children from working is not necessarily the best solution; children may end up in worse situations and their families may become even poorer. Some NGOs fight to protect working children by providing them with information on their rights or by guaranteeing them safer working conditions. Other NGOs help children in the transition from work to school by building centers where they are provided with healthcare and a tailored education. The children leave these centers only when they have learnt to be independent. CHILD TRAFFICKINGShow MoreRelatedFlorence Kelleys Speech On Child Labor Summary807 Words   |  4 PagesSo on July 22, 1905, she delivered a speech to the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), analyzing, and explaining the problems with children in the workplace. She uses the rhetorical strategy, cause and effect, to exemplify the pros and cons of child labor at the time. Kelley later explains how her thoughts can reflect on the future of child labor in the United States. Kelley’s opening statement announces the fact that two million children under sixteen were working at the time.Read MoreChild Labor As A Cultural Norm1604 Words   |  7 Pagesapproximately 215 million children under the age of 15 that are working in the child labor industry around the world. What can be done to resolve this global issue? Child labor is when companies use children to perform manufacturing duties— typically being paid in low wages. There are many different reasons and causes of child labor such as: poverty, globalization, and corruption. In some countries, however, child labor is considered a cultural norm. Although most prevalent in third-world and underdevelopedRead MoreThe Effects Of Cheap Labor Bad Jobs At Bad Wages1113 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion child laborers in the world. More than half of them, 85 million, employed at hazardous jobs, according to the International Labour Organization. In the article â€Å"In Praise of Cheap Labor Bad jobs a t bad wages are better than no jobs at all†, Paul Krugman Professor of economics at MIT, explains that child labor cannot just be wiped away like so many other distasteful practices. That it takes a perfect storm of economic success and low child labor numbers for a full transition to labor laws thatRead MoreChild Labour And Child Labor1600 Words   |  7 PagesChild Labor Issues There are children that suffer through child labor daily. Child labor is the use of children in a business or industry, usually illegal. â€Å"3 billion people around the world survive on $2.50 a day or less. And 2 billion people do not hold a bank account or have access to essential financial services† (â€Å"Living in Poverty†1). Children that are normally in labor come from a poor family that’s in need of money so badly that it comes down to selling their own children or puttingRead MoreCan Child Labor Be Stopped?1588 Words   |  7 PagesCan Child Labor be Stopped? There are approximately 215 million children under the age of 15 that are working in the child labor industry around the world. What can be done to resolve this global issue? Child labor is when companies use children to perform manufacturing duties— typically being paid in low wages. There are many different reasons and causes of child labor such as: poverty, globalization, and corruption. In some countries, however, child labor is considered a cultural norm. AlthoughRead MoreExploration of Child Labor1677 Words   |  7 PagesChild Labor, a Global Problem with Local Causes Christopher King, Debra Hang - Aguayo, India Williams University of Phoenix It is hard to imagine that in 2009 that child labor still exists. However, it is true that children all over the world are waking up and going to work instead of going to school. As the gap between the rich and poor grows, more children will be forced to give up school for work. Is there an answer to this problem that will lead to the elimination of the dilemmaRead MoreChild Labor Is Not An Effective Way For India1533 Words   |  7 Pagesreceive our goods. All around the world, child labor is one of the most widely social issues affecting the younger population, specifically, in India. For the children of India, work becomes a nightmare based on suffering and mistreatment. While children have no choice but to be independent and forced to work, it can be a big influence on the child’s education, life, health, and development. Where child labor is deeply rooted from tradition, the causes of child labor are difficult and complex beliefs andRead MoreIKEA Case Study1430 Wor ds   |  6 Pageslow-priced restaurant and grocery shop have made IKEA Sweden s leading food exporter. However, global expansion was not without problems for IKEA. During the 1980 s environmental problems arose with some of IKEAs products and during the 1990 s IKEA was accused that its suppliers were using child labor. In the 1980 s the formaldehyde regulations passed in Denmark caused problems to IKEA. After the discovery that some of its products emitted more formaldehyde than the legislation allowed the companyRead MoreEssay on The Affect of Child Labor on the World1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe Affect of Child Labor on the World Introduction Child labor is a very hot topic in today’s world. The problems associated with child labor have always been a part of life but thanks to Globalization, everyone is now more aware of the child labor issues that exist. Whether an individual is in favor or against child labor the fact is that child labor affects everyone, because child labor affects the global economy. Children who work play a big role in the economy because they produce goodsRead MoreChild Labor As A Cultural Norm1251 Words   |  6 PagesDescription of the problem â€Å"Child Labour; the Effect on Child, Causes, and Remedies to the Revolving Menace,† defines child labor as referring to â€Å"children who miss their childhood and are not able to have the basic amenities which a child should have.† There are many different reasons and causes for child labor. For some countries, child labor is considered to be a cultural norm. From the time children are old enough to be taught a skill, they are often trained in that field and put to work in

Primal Leadership Free Essays

I believe there is a common connection between emotion, and the choices we make. A strong initiative can do wonders for injecting a more meaningful life into character development and personal growth. By constructing key emotions of feelings and thoughts, we can produce a huge advancement in our life, career, and community. We will write a custom essay sample on Primal Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now In reading Primal Leadership: Unleashing the Power of Emotional Intelligent authors by Daniel Goleman, Richard Boyatzis, and Annie McKee along with How Remarkable Women Lead: The Breakthrough Model for Work and Life written by Barsh and Cranston, you begin to understand the pillars of leadership and the building blocks for success utilizing these key components of emotion. Each book contains similar yet construction ideas how leader become leader and the importance to connect rather it is with emotional intelligence as recognized in the Primal Leadership or interdependent dimensions (centered leadership) as pointed out with How Remarkable Women Lead. In reading these two books, I developed a profound, burning, troublesome question. I want to know the answer about the â€Å"initial spark† with in us. During the initial start of the leadership process where does the original spark that propels us forward come from? It is a behavioral action or an emotional one? I have heard that life is nothing without passion, the ability to love something or someone. To have this purpose of passion as a driven means can be the crucial answer toward leadership, growth, and success. This enthusiasm (driving force) eliminates distraction and move towards the state of fulfillment. Both books did inspire ways to shape you into a more valuable person and not be content with insufficiency or emptiness. Barch and Cranston explain in How Remarkable Women Lead as a place where we are intertwining the fibers of leadership, implementation, and success into a structure by way of behaviors, talents, actions, and choices. It is all about person ownership and integrity. Leadership has a clear-cut trail which shapes upon emotional involvement that we learn from, like a personal intelligent bank. We learn to practice, and then apply solid values from learning from our heart like establishing friendships and demonstrating self-discipline. Our inner compass that guides us as human being is our deepest level, a fit point that helps us stay on track. Your most treasure values; your passion, ethics, and motivation are the sources that satisfy your life and are the imprint of your deepest awareness. To have leadership, there must be a foundation of integrity, the building block of â€Å"core† meaning. This unpinned all things. This helps establish the right motivation to identify the right direction. There are many resources and strategies in both of these books that can led to sustaining a success and increased joy in overall living, and personal career. The desired energy that fuels each person’s long-term journey or goals towards fighting for a greater meaning is within each one of us. In readings these books, you see how many people have encountered severe, perhaps debilitating struggle or at least dreadful barriers to their progress. To regain that self-confidence, meaning, and most important that faith in what we can accomplish is essential to sustaining a higher standard of strength, effectiveness and power. It is a privilege and a commitment to grow with entrusted care and purpose. While each book shares how to gain remarkable value in the fulfillment of developing a professional’s career outcome, it also seeks to embark on experiences with successful leaders. There is much we can learn from many individuals who are significant pioneers both past and present, as they explain how they helped to inspired others, how they gained clarity of both vision and purpose when coping with difficult, sometimes unpleasant realities, how they initiated and then nourished mutually beneficial relationships with others, how they took ownership for opportunities as well as risks with personal responsibility, and how they presumed and satisfied their accountabilities to their families and to their communities. Neither women nor men in leadership roles can stable everything in their careers and personal life. But, it is possible to recognize what is most important at any particular time and then balance the circumstance of one’s time and energy accordingly. Nevertheless, igniting all these positive feelings to bring out the best in those go-getting performances takes emotional know-how. In using emotional awareness to create a positive environment that fosters creativity, innovation, strong teams and great performance takes an emotional understanding in how our mind and body operates. Our emotional and physical response depends on our leadership effectiveness. Our morale, motivation, and commitment are factors that drive emotions and physical response. In Primal Leadership, we discover just how leaders thrust emotions encouragingly; bring out the best for all. When they thrust emotions harmfully they produce disagreement, damaging the emotional groundworks that let people shine. It is crucial to have compassion as a relationship skill, this identifies how organization contributes to the overall team success, and it takes consistent action to foster a good working relationship within each group. Primal Leadership points out important leaders know when to be shared and when to be forecaster, when to pay attention and when to take charge. Such leaders have an aptitude for regulating to their own insight of what matters and expressing an idea that radiant with the merits of those they lead. These leaders naturally nurture relationships, handle any emerging concerns, and create the human interactions of all in agreement. They shape intense dedication by caring about the careers of those who work for them, and motivate people to give their best for an objective that speaks to shared values. Leadership development should build on one’s strong points, not limitation. Primal Leadership promotes the notion that our strong points expose the significant things that we have learned as leaders over the course of our lives and careers. They are the base line of our knowledge, our preserved learning, which is a productive and valuable ingredient toward our human being outlook and beliefs. Strengths displayed over the years typically represent feature that leaders want to keep, even if those ideas are inactive for a period of time. The true effort in leaders is to monitor the emotional tone of the team and to help its members recognize any underlying dissonance. Then, once a leader has helped the team uncover its less-productive norms, the group can come together around new ways of doing things. The Primal Leadership authors noted that there are many leaders in an organization, not just one. Encompass the ability to monitor and manage your feelings and moods means that you can manage your attitudes about the things that come up in your day to day life. To have immensely power, you must have the ability to focus on how your feelings control and maneuver. This ability allows you to shift in one of the most powerful ways to impact a course of action. It changes the way that you see the world around you. The grace of emotions comes into plays when someone else’s emotional state natural immerse with others. The whole idea to synchronizing our attitudes with those around us, absorbing a diverse range of attitudes is as powerful motivator. The overall harmony or attunement of one another bring together into the same vision, aligning the path of the objective. Understanding how each person brings their own uniqueness, strength, weakness, and dynamic to the company and the strategy has to account for that. The understanding in creating a path rather it is good or not is the ability to find the human being you are made from, failure will come and go, but the great deal comes from within us, the inward focus that work were intentional may not. Learning to leverage (influence) our emotions and knowledge we already have is perfect for managing what is to come before us at any given time. People who have done a great deal of work often find that they can create a space around them where things work better. The confidence drives our behaviors and other behaviors to move in the same direction. Our boundaries are never concrete, leader bend, mold and create a character that approaches an infection happening. It is an outcome of their inward work. The visionary set the stage of possibilities, once you realize your self-worth you than can soar like an eagle. The ability to propel to the next level of leadership understands what lies within you. Shared emotions in a positive direction can clear the fog from the atmosphere and develop a plan to make great changes. Oprah Winfrey put it this way â€Å"leadership is about empathy. It is about having the ability to relate and to connect with people for the purpose of inspiring and empowering their lives†. We are all wired differently; the tapestry of leadership requires centering oneself (with centered leadership) toward equipping with the right emotional (or emotional intelligent). I believe both books were instrumented in supporting their methods and theories in becoming a great leader. Each book carried similar underlying thesis statement, principals and discovery. I have learned incredible leaders move us. They light our passion and inspire the best in us. When we try to justify why leaders are so efficient, we speak of strategy, performance, passion, beliefs, and strong ideas. But the reality is much more primeval. Incredible leadership works through the emotions, skills and foundation shortcomings. Humankind’s earliest leaders earned their position because their leadership was emotionally compelling as well as spiritually and physically talented. Having read these two books I have gain a better insight of who I am and where I should start in developing my professional career and personal life. I now understand that the initial sparks of passion rather ignited or not has an inward glow within us. It provides purpose that if stirred the correct way it will burst a flame of ambition and drive our talents to a new level of experience and achievement. Staying in focus and continually noting our adventures through our life time will contribute more towards our livelihood and future potential success. I enjoyed and gain much from my reading and will immediately take the steps to journey into a new horizon of leadership, balance and opportunities. How to cite Primal Leadership, Papers

Positive Accounting Theory Accounting Review

Question: Discuss about thePositive Accounting Theoryfor Accounting Review. Answer: Basic Concept According to Watts and Zimmerman, Positive Accounting Theory is concerned with explaining the [accounting] practice. It is designed to explain and predict which firms will and which firms will not use a particular accounting method, but it says nothing as to which method a firm should use. The concept of positive accounting theory has been launched in by Watts and Zimmerman in the mid of nineties. They were among those people who have worked upon these concepts and provide the concept of positive accounting theory to the entire world. This theory keeps a watch on the changing attitude of the management towards the accounting practices based on their need and requirements. Through the help of this theory the analysts and convert the events that are being taken place in the world into the form of accounting transactions. In this scenario, the Positive Accounting Theory will explain and make predictions of the accounting policy that the firm will choose and try to explain its reaction t o this new change of adoption. The basic concept that exists in case of Positive Accounting Theory is the question of survival of the firms. The firms are likely to choose the accounting standards that tends to benefit them the most and accordingly the decisions are taken for their adoptions. These situations generally arise in case when the individuals personal interest is linked to the interest of the firm. This can be very well understood through the help of an example: Every company in the industry is striving for success and that can be achieved by maximizing the profit levels. In the case of a construction company, the management of the company will prefer choosing an accounting standards that tends to reduce the cost and maximize the profit. This will be done through the help of Positive Accounting Theory. (Watts and Zimmerman, 1990) Summary In the Positive Accounting Theory it has been concluded that the operations and the environment conditions which are prevailing in the industry should be kept in mind at times of taking the decisions related to choosing the accounting standards for the company. However, neither the researchers nor the theory or the article provides and guidelines that needs to be followed in by the management of the company at times of choosing the accounting standards for the company or firm. In case of Positive Accounting Theory, the adoption of the counting methods is a bit difficult being the theory does not provide and specific list of the methods from which the management of the company has to choose from. There are majorly three accounting hypothesis that are being used in the framing out the positive accounting theory. Major of the predictions that are being made in the positive accounting theory revolves around the following three hypotheses: Bonus plan hypothesis: As per this hypothesis, the accounting managers of the firm are likely to choose the accounting methods and procedures that help the managers to pre pone the future profit of the company in the current period. Being the bonus that the mangers are expected to receive in the current period is dependent on the profit that is being earned by the company in the current period. Debt covenant hypothesis: If the managers of the company are under the notion that company in the coming period is going to violate the Debt covenants, there is likely a possibility that the management of the company will adopt accounting procedures that will again pre pone the future earnings of the company in the current period. By doing this, the management of the company will stand green on the debt covenants political Cost hypothesis: In the above hypothesis, we have discussed, the areas where the management of the company were planning to pre pone their future profit to the current period as it was in the interest of the company as well in their individual interests but in case where the company has some political cost attached, in these scenarios the management of the company will adopt accounting procedures that will help the company to defer some of its current year earnings to future periods. The concept of positive accounting theory is different form that to the normative accounting practices. This theory helps us to make the predictions related to the accounting practices that have been followed in by the company whereas the normative accounting theory tends to prescribe the optional accounting practices to the firms. The positive accounting theory in some or the other way helps in understanding the descriptive behavior of the accountants. This theory has its roots from the theory that has been framed in by Fama and later by Ball Brown in the 1960s. Watts and Zimmerman in their theory has used this research work and based out their PAT theory. In case of normative accounting theories, the situation is other way round. In this case, the accounting solution that has been provided in by the experts is purely based on the event that has taken place. While the situation is not the same in case of positive accounting theory, which will help the management of the companies, t o predict the reaction that would have taken place at times when a new accounting standard has been adopted in the market. ( Branchmann) There are certain assumptions that need to be taken in place by the management of the company at times of considering the positive accounting theory for itself. Some of them are as follows: As it has been already discussed above, the accounting policies and standards that has been adopted by the management with an intention to make the things in the interest of the company. This approach is more realistic at times when the interest of the individual forming the management team is linked with the interest of the company. It has further being provided that approach that is being used in by the firm and companies choosing positive accounting theory tends to be opportunistic which is being followed with an intention to maximize the wealth of the company as well of the individuals associated with the company. The positive accounting theory has been farmed without considering the notions related to the morality and loyalty. This is the one of the major assumption that has been taken into consideration at times of framing the policies. Next is the assumption that has been taken not consideration related to the formation of the company. It has been assumed that the company is formed of self interest people and the interest in some or the other way related to the interest of the company. In case of positive accounting theory, the logical thing has an important role to play. The accounting methods that needs to be discussed and should be backed up by proper logical thinking and then accordingly the same should be adopted after considering the entire positive as well as the negative aspects of the decisions. Thus, the logical thinking provides the roadmap for adoption of accounting practices in the form. Through the help of this theory the analysts and convert the events that are being taken place in the world into the form of accounting transactions. In this scenario, the Positive Accounting Theory will explain and make predictions of the accounting policy that the firm will choose and try to explain its reaction to this new change of adoption. The basic concept that exists in case of Positive Accounting Theory is the question of survival of the firms. The firms are likely to choose the accounting standards that tends to benefit them the most and accordingly the decis ions are taken for their adoptions. Based on the assumption that we have encountered above arose attention of the many authors about the success percentage of the theory. There has been many times where this policy has been criticized as well as appreciated by many authors. Majorly the positive accounting theory has been criticized is because of the assumptions that frame out the positive accounting theory. There are certain assumptions that are being taken into consideration by the authors at times of framing the positive accounting theory. The major assumption that they have taken during the course of the theory is the choice of the users that are going to get affected by the adoption process of the accounting standards. They suggest that the any new accounting standard is going to affect limited users like listed shareholders, government and creditors. The others users like employees, customers, competitors, advisors are not affected and thus they are ignored. On the other hand, each of the users that are being defined above influence the company in some or the other way. They thru should be considered in the process of choosing the accounting standard. Significance and Limitations of Article The article that has been farmed in by the author Watts and Zimmerman has positive as well as negative points associated to it. The positive accounting theory does not provide a solution to the problem. In case of this theory, the problem is just elaborated and discussed in detail. The solution that has been provided in this case is not clear especially in case of manipulation and window-dressing of accounting information. This theory highlights that the interest of the company is not prioritized and the individuals forming the management committee takes their own interest ahead of the companys interest. It has further been stated that the company or the form are being run for the benefit of the stakeholders and managers of the company. In this case, the problems are discussed briefly without reaching out to any solution. . It only discusses various problems and states various contradictory views and does not state any appropriate answer to the given solution. There are certain plus points of the positive accounting policy as well. The probability of companys survival increases over the period of time with the accounting policies that has been adopted by the company through the help of positive accounting theory. For example: A construction company will tend to adopt an accounting policy that will maximize the profit levels by minimizing the cost associated with the construction. The flexibility level among the managers of the organization increases at times of choosing the accounting standards and practices so that they will best suit them and is in their own interest. The positive accounting theory will help to predict the reaction which the companies would have at times when a new accounting standard has been introduced in the market. The positive accounting theory will help to understand the accounting policies that will be adopted by the companies. The descriptive behavior of the accountants is very well understood through the help of the positive accounting theory. (Milne, 2002) Conclusion The primary objective in the given article is to provide an overview upon the theories given by various authors. This theory keeps a watch on the changing attitude of the management towards the accounting practices based on their need and requirements. Through the help of this theory the analysts and convert the events that are being taken place in the world into the form of accounting transactions. In this scenario, the Positive Accounting Theory will explain and make predictions of the accounting policy that the firm will choose and try to explain its reaction to this new change of adoption. Thus, overall, the positive accounting theory has helped in developing a better accounting world. References Watts, R., Zimmerman, J., (1990), Positive accounting theory: A ten year perspective,The Accounting Review65, 131-156. Watts, R. L. and J. L. Zimmerman, (1978), towards a positive theory of the determination of accounting standards,The Accounting Review,(January): 112-134. Roychowdhury, S. (2006) Earnings Management through Real Activities Manipulation,Journal of Accounting and Economics42, 335-370. Branchmann S, studio D, Differences between Positive Normative Accounting, Retrieved from Finacebase, https://thefinancebase.com/differences-between-positive-normative-accounting-1663.html , viewed on 12th Dec, 2016 Fool M, What Are the Differences Between Positive and Normative Accounting?, Retrieved from Fool.com, https://www.fool.com/knowledge-center/differences-between-positive-normative-accounting.aspx , Viewed on 12th Dec, 2016 Milne Markus, 2002, Positive Accounting Theory, Political Costs and Social Disclosure Analyses: A Critical Look, viewed on 12th Dec, 2016_ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222665782_Positive_accounting_theory_political_costs_And_social_disclosure_analyses_a_critical_look

10 Tips for Getting Along With Your College Roommate

10 Tips for Getting Along With Your College Roommate You may have grown up living with lots of siblings, or this may be your first time sharing your living space with someone else. While having a roommate inevitably has its challenges, it can also be a great part of your college experience. Follow these ten tips to make sure you and your roommate keep things pleasant and supportive throughout the year (or even years!). 1. Be Clear About Your Expectations From the Beginning Do you know in advance that you hate it when someone hits the snooze button fifteen times every morning? That youre a neat freak? That you need ten minutes to yourself before talking to anyone after you wake up? Let your roommate know as soon as you can about your little quirks and preferences. Its not fair to expect him or her to pick up on them right away, and communicating what you need is one of the best ways to eliminate problems before they become problems. 2. Address Problems When They're Little Is your roommate always forgetting her stuff for the shower, and taking yours? Are your clothes being borrowed faster than you can wash them? Addressing things that bug you while theyre still little can help your roommate be aware of something she may not otherwise know. And addressing little things is much easier than addressing them after theyve become big. 3. Respect Your Roommate's Stuff This may seem simple, but its probably one of the biggest reasons why roommates experience conflict. Dont think hell mind if you borrow his cleats for a quick soccer game? For all you know, you just stepped over an uncrossable line. Dont borrow, use, or take anything without getting permission first. 4. Be Mindful of Who You Bring Into Your Room- and How Often You may love having your study group into your room. But your roommate may not. Be mindful of how often you bring people over. If your roommate studies best in the quiet, and you study best in a group, can you alternate who hits the library and who gets the room? 5. Lock the Door and Windows This may seem like it has nothing to do with  roommate relationships, but how would you feel if your roommates laptop got stolen during the ten seconds it took you to run down the hall? Or vice versa? Locking your door and windows is a critical part of keeping safe on campus. 6. Be Friendly, Without Expecting to Be Best Friends Dont go into your roommate relationship thinking that you are going to be best friends for the time youre at school. It may happen, but expecting it sets both of you up for trouble. You should be friendly with your roommate but also make sure you have your own social circles. 7. Be Open to New Things Your roommate may be from someplace youve never heard of. They may have a religion or lifestyle that is completely different from your own. Be open to new ideas and experiences, especially as it to relates to what your roommate brings into your life. Thats why you went to college in the first place, right?! 8. Stay Open to Change You should expect to learn and grown and change during your time at school. And the same should happen to your roommate, if all goes well. As the semester progresses, realize things will change for both of you. Be comfortable addressing things that unexpectedly come up, setting new rules, and being flexible to your changing environment 9. Address Problems When They're Big, Too You may not have been totally honest with tip #2, or you may suddenly find yourself with a roommate who goes wild after being shy and quiet the first two months. Either way, if something gets to be a big problem quickly, deal with it as soon as you can. 10. If Nothing Else, Follow the Golden Rule Treat your roommate like youd like to be treated. No matter what your relationship is at the end of the year, you can take comfort knowing you acted like an adult and treated your roommate with respect. Dont think you and your roommate are going to be able to work it out? It can be easier than you think to address your problems and, ideally, find a solution that works for both of you.

Free sample - Poes Horror. translation missing

Poes Horror. Poe's HorrorINTRODUCTION Edgar Allan Poe (1809 - 1849) was a famous poet in America who wrote many stories and poems (Hossick 28). He was also an editor as well as a writer and he worked with several journals and publishing homes. He is most famous for his stories of mystery. It is believed that Edgar Allan made a generous contribution to the genre of scientific fiction through his stories and poems of mystery. The most outstanding stories by this poet are the black cat, the cask of Amontillado, William Wilson and the man of the crowd. These four stories are the area of interest in this paper and a comparison in the themes of the four stories will be made. DISCUSSION THE STORIES 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   BLACK CAT This story is narrated by Edgar himself and he explains that the story is inspired by his childhood passion for domestic animals. The story is about him and his favorite pet, a cat named as Pluto. Pluto and Edgar were good friends until Edgar changed abruptly, became violent and a drunkard. The situation worsened and Edgar killed the cat, an act that haunted him and prompted him to look for another cat to replace Pluto with. The new black cat does not bring peace to Edgar and the story ends with Edgar killing both the black cat and his wife. The narrator takes the audience through the story with lots of symbolism and imagery. The main theme of this story is the man’s fear of the unknown such as the fear of darkness, illusion and spaces. In the story, Edgar finds his house on fire after killing Pluto, and later he sees an image of a huge cat on the wall of his house. Perverseness is also a theme in this story where the quilt feeling by Edgar causes fear in his life (Barger and Poe, 59). There is also the theme of self destruction which is shown by the way Edgar brings trouble to himself through alcoholism and his violent actions. Another theme is the theme of vengeance (Lippmann 45). The black cat haunts Elgar in order to avenge its death and in the end of the story, the cat alerts draws the attention of the police to the acts of Elgar. The most outstanding elements in this story are the elements of horror and superstition. It is superstition that makes Edgar think that he has seen a cat on the wall of his burnt house, a symbol of Pluto hanging on the noose. Another important element in the story is the cat itself, which plays the roles of an actor, symbol, and a device to develop the plot. It doubles up as both a real creature and a ghost by dying and another cat reappearing in the story. This element of doubling is used in German folklore to signify bad luck or bad omen. The name Pluto is also symbolic as according to Roman mythology, the name symbolizes death or misfortunes. The story is also ambiguous, with the question of whether the reappearance of the cat was natural or superstitious being left unanswered. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CASK OF AMONTILLADO In this story the narrator, Montressor, is not happy as the others during the annual celebration of the beginning of Lentern season. The reason why he is not happy is because of the many offenses committed against him by Furtunato. Montressor is out to revenge and he looks for an opportunity to do so. He uses a new wine by the name of Amontillado as bait to catch Furtunato and he succeeds and kills him brutally. The themes in the story are revenge, deception and pride. Montressor is out to revenge against Fortunato for the many offences he has committed, the most recent one being an insult. Deception is another theme shown by the way the way Montressor uses Amontillado to lure Fortunato to the catacombs where he kills him. Pride is evidenced by the believe Fortunato has on his ability to know whether the wine presented to him is truly Amontillado. He believed in his ability even though he was not sober and he was also unwell (Barger and Poe 88). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   WILLIAM WILSON The story is narrated by a person on the verge of death, and it first builds on flash back. He is disturbed and seeks to get the reader to sympathize with him by informing the reader that his bad deeds were out of unavoidable circumstances. One theme of the story is the enemy within, which means destroying oneself or working against ones interests through alcoholism, drug abuse and others. There is an inner spirit that develops within us and cause fear of some things, depression or lack of sleep. According to Barger and Poe, the narrator is facing such a situation and in his struggle to overcome it, he fights against himself and loses (620). The other theme is the theme of terror which is shown by the way the narrator struggles to fight against an imaginary enemy. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   THE MAN OF THE CROWD This is the story of a man in the streets of London who has been suffering from an unknown illness. His sits outside and starts categorizing passers by where he notices one old man and follows him. The pursuit extends to the next day and the man is not able to understand the mission of the old man. The main theme in this story is the theme of mystery which is shown in the way the young man can not categorize the old man from the looks, as opposed to the other people in the streets. Even after following the old man for a long time, the man can not tell the motives of the old man and leaves the reader to find out for themselves (Barger and Poe 298). COMPARISON OF THE STORIES   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through out the four stories, there are some themes that seem to recur, which are insanity as opposed to rationality, obsession, man and death, double identity, love or hatred, curiosity, resolve among others. About insanity and rationality, in the four stories there are people whose decisions are not driven by rationality but by an element of insanity. In the Black cat, the insanity was brought by influence from alcohol and Elgar is not in control of his decisions (Lippmann 68). Also, in the Cask of Amontillado, Fortunato is driven by drunkenness to accept the challenge to test the wine. The same case applies to the story William Wilson who is so disturbed that his decisions are not rational. In the man of the crowd, the man is driven by an unnamed sickness to sit idly in a coffee shop and categorize people. His move to follow an old man for so long is also an insane decision since he does not stand to benefit from discovering who the old man was.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another common theme in the stories is obsession. The characters in the stories are obsessed with different things and this obsession is a source of misfortunes or death to the characters. In the Black cat, the narrator is obsessed with the cat, his favorite pet and alcohol while in the story of the cask of Amontillado; Fortunato is obsessed with alcohol (Lippmann 176). There is also the obsession with discovering the truth in the man of the crowd. In the story of William Wilson, the narrator is obsessed with fighting against self and wining.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the stories, double identity is used to develop the plot. In the black cat, the black cat doubles as a both a natural creature as well as a ghost by dying and reappearing. In the story of the cask of Amontillado, the wine doubles as something to cheer up Fortunato and also as something to kill him. In the story William Wilson, the narrator’s struggle against self results to both a win and a loss while in the story the man of the crowd, the young man doubles as the man we know as well as a mysterious man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the stories, Elgar has employed the use of symbolism, anaphora and first person narration in his work. In the story of the black cat, the cat is used to symbolize misfortune. In the cask of Amontillado, the name ‘Amontillado’ is also used to show bad luck. Anaphora is repeating a phrase or a word before the beginning of lines often to show emphasis and create balance. In the story of the black cat, he uses anaphora as shown in the line â€Å"...I blush, I burn, I shudder, while I pen†¦..†(Barger and Poe 62) and in the story of William Wilson, anaphora is shown in the line â€Å"†¦The same name! The same contour of person! The same of arrival...† (Barger and Poe 625).Irony is also used as shown in the story of the black cat. The cat which was initially a great friend to Edgar turned to be an enemy and cause of trouble to him. In the cask of Amontillado, when Montressor gives Fortunato wine, he toasts â€Å"to his long life† knowing very well that h would kill him. When they are ascending the stairs, he also tells him that his life is respected, which was not true since he was planning to kill him.  Ã‚   CONCLUSION Allan Edgar was a good writer who used various tools in his short stories to develop the story as well as to bring out the various themes. His favorite themes were mystery, obsession and revenge and these are common in most of his works (Hossick 67). He used the first person narration since it is more captivating and also convenient. His short stories are informative, thrilling as well as entertaining due to his literature skills.    WORKS CITED Barger, Andrew and Poe, Allen, E. Edgar Allen Poe Annotated and illustrated entire Stories and Poems. London: Bottletree Books LLC, 2008. Print. Hossick, Malcolm. Edgar Allen Poe. New York: Ardent Media, 2007. Print Lippmann, Babette. Edgar Allen Poe- â€Å"The Philosophy of Composition†: An Analysis of His Work. Norderstedt: GRIN Verlag, 2007.Print

Revolutionary Era Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Revolutionary Era Paper - Essay Example Thirteen colonies in North America joined and broke free from the British Empire, merged, then became the United States of America. They deterred the rules and regulations of Great Britain Parliament that governed them from overseas with no representation. A number of ideas sparked this revolutionary era. During this period, the idea of liberty fueled Americans into actions that sparked revolution in their country2. What the eighteenth-century politicians and other people meant by liberty was, first, a wake up call for individual human rights. This idea was so radical because even the most enlightened and revised monarchs believed customarily that it was their task to keep an eye on what people wrote or believed. Liberals of this revolutionary era protested those particular controls that enslaved their conscious. According to Americans, liberty was of overriding importance to them since they believed it would be through liberty, they would get to choose and define the outcome of thei r censorship. They demanded freedom from arbitrary laws and judges who commonly and easily obeyed rules from the government that did not carry the rule of law to the letter. Their feelings towards freedom of worship with regard to their consciences acted as a morale booster towards revolution. This eventually led to freedom of worship amongst other things. ... However, many eighteenth century men were actually individuals of some kind. They generally shared with other men the belief that it was neither practical nor desirable for women to be their equals. Therefore, they curtailed their political rights. They could not vie for office or participate in the governing of the state. Again, liberals despised the belief that everyone should be equal economically. They based this on the belief that, not everyone could succeed equally in pursuit of acquiring property during American conquest for independence. Hence, great rift in terms of wealth or material possession and income generation between the rich and the poor was highly encouraged and perfectly acceptable by liberals. British administrators taxed Virginia citizens. In 1765, after North America restored peace, the British government decided to push via parliament the Stamp Act that sought to levy taxes on a longer list of legal documents and commercial articles like pamphlets, diplomas, a nd newspapers. Effort to end taxation started as Americans claimed taxation without representation was tyranny. This idea rose questions as to who should make laws for American people. Colonial experience formed people who felt that they were separate and distinct to their very own country. The taxation controversies made these feelings separation and distinctiveness more intense thus bringing them to the fore. These extreme attempts led to expanded governor’s power. As fighting spread and the colonialists moved slowly, East Virginia inhabitants developed ideas of being independent. They inevitably opened up towards open rebellion and boldly shown urge to declare their independence. Some American icons arranged civilized and

The Prohibition of Horizontal Direct Effect of Directives Essay

The Prohibition of Horizontal Direct Effect of Directives - Essay Example In order to fully implement its policies, pieces of legislation are enacted by the European Parliament, European Commission and the Council of the European Union. On the other hand, the European Court of Justice plays an important role in the interpretation of European Union laws which consist of treaties, regulations and directives among others. Its interpretation aids the member states in the proper implementation of the European Union laws. In its case law, the European Court of Justice has introduced the principle of direct effect of European Union laws in the member states. The principle of direct effect was designed to ensure the effectiveness of the European laws, enabling the citizens to use it before their respective national courts. Correspondingly, the doctrine of direct effect have a substantial effect on the legal systems of the member states, because it paved the way for individuals to enforce rights which originates from community legislation before their national courts. And as such, the principle has become a distinctive aspect of the European Union. The landmark case of Van Gend and Loos v. ... ven though the treaty did not state that it was directly effective, it was in consonance with the nature of the treaty that the provision on the abolition of custom duties should be directly effective. Significantly, the court enumerated the guidelines for establishing direct effect to wit: The provision must be sufficiently clear and precisely stated, it must be unconditional or non-dependent and provision must confer a specific right for the citizen to base his or her claim (Van Gend and Loos v. Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration, 1963). Conformity with the aforementioned guidelines will enable European citizens to enforce their rights and to rely directly on the provisions of Community law before their national courts. Similarly, the court states that the direct effect confers the company a direct assurance of its rights under Community law before its national courts. The principle of direct effect goes after the principle of primacy of community laws developed by the Europ ean Court of Justice in the case of Costa v. ENEL. In the case of Costa v. ENEL, (1964) the court likewise pointed out in paragraph seven of the case, that a member state's obligation under the European Economic Community Treaty, in the execution, effect or adoption of any measures either by States or by Commission is legally complete and consequently producing direct effects on the relations between member states and individuals. Correspondingly, it becomes an integral part of the legal system of the member state, and as such, national courts are duty bound to protect it. The principle of direct effect, basically deals with the enforceability of European Union laws by citizens of member states. The Doctrine of Direct effect can be classified into two. The vertical direct effect and the

City Of London Investment Group PLC Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

City Of London Investment Group PLC - Coursework Example The main strategies adopted by the company are natural resource strategy, EM-Closed end funds strategy developed closed and strategy, human resource strategy, and frontier market funds strategy.Natural resources strategy is an important strategy of the organization. This strategy is geared toward attaining a long term capital growth by investing in corporations that get a large proportion of the profits from exploring, producing and offering services and technologies that are related to natural resources. The process of investment is fully integrated including bottom up, top down and thematic approaches. The process that involves the allocation of assets evaluates sector –specific, political and economic factors by using several sources of information including the company’s economists. Basing on on the satellite and core approach, the selection of stock is carried out through rigorous fundamental analysis whose horizon of return time is 12 to 18 months. Thematic analys is facilitates both stock selection and asset allocation elements of the process and assists the manager to exploit the wide range of opportunities in the natural resources sector while simultaneously realizing a diverse portfolio.The Emerging market closed- End funds strategy strives to offer a long term growth of capital through active country allocation and stock selection. The company believes that the closed-end fund provides an effective modality of investing in the emerging markets.

Perfect Competition And Its Characteristics Economics Essay

Perfect Competition And Its Characteristics Economics Essay Firstly, below there I will discuss about the chapter of monopoly, its definition, characteristics and its diagram. Monopoly have separated to four terms it is included one seller and large number of buyers, no close substitute, restriction of entry of new firms and the last is advertising. Monopoly has differentiated into two types of monopoly; it is included of natural monopoly and government-created monopoly. Natural monopoly means that one firm can provide the lowest cost compared to the other two or more firms that could not provide. Government create monopolies is to avoid firms that they want to entrance into a market. In my conclusion, it can let me deeply understanding and learning about what is monopoly. Monopolist is the price marker it is the only seller or producer in the market so that it has the own right and power to contain the price. I will be discussing perfect competition, monopolist competition, oligopoly and the last of monopoly and those of it characteristics in the market. What are the standard to be in those of the perfect and monopolist competition even through oligopoly and monopoly in the market? In my conclusion, I can deeply understand and learned about the fourth of containing perfect competition, monopolist competition, oligopoly and monopoly. Above on, those of the classes also have their own characteristics in the market. Content Page 1.0 Introduction Question 1 1.1 Answer Question 1 1.2 Monopoly and its characteristics 1.3 One seller and large number of buyers 1.4 No close substitution 1.5 Restriction of entry of new firms 1.6 Monopoly Diagram 1.7 Conclusion Question 1 2.0 Introduction Question 2 2.1 Answer Question 2 2.2 Perfect Competition and its characteristics 2.3 Large number of buyers and sellers 2.4 Homogenous or standardized product 2.5 Free of entry and exit 2.6 Role of non-price competition 2.7 Perfect knowledge of the market 2.8 Absence of transport cost 2.9 Monopolist Competition and its characteristics 2.10 Large number of seller and buyers 2.11 Product differentiation 2.12 Easy entry and exit 2.13 Non-price competition 2.14 Selling cost 2.15 Oligopoly and its characteristics 2.16 Few numbers of firms 2.17 Homogenous or differentiated product 2.18 Barriers to entry 2.19 Monopoly and its characteristics 2.20 One seller and large number of buyers 2.21 No close substitute 2.22 Restriction of entry of new firms 2.23 Conclusion Question 2 3.0 References 4.0 Appendices 1.0 Introduction Question 1 Firstly, below there I will discuss about the chapter of monopoly, its definition, characteristics and its diagram. Monopoly have separated to four terms it is included one seller and large number of buyers, no close substitute, restriction of entry of new firms and the last is advertising. Finally, Monopoly has differentiated into two types of monopoly; it is included of natural monopoly and government-created monopoly. Answer Question 1 Monopoly and its characteristics Monopoly is refers to a small firm or is the only producer and seller of a good that has no close substitute. Below here we will start to discuss about the monopoly characteristics. 1.3 One seller and large number of buyers Monopoly appearance or survive in the market when there is only seller of a product. Monopoly industry only firm in the business line to selling a product which has no similar substitute. So normally there is no discrepancy between a firm and an industry in monopoly because there is only one seller in the market. 1.4 No close substitute Monopoly industry would sell a goods or product which has no similar substitute. It means that consumers or buyers could not find any similar substitute for the product in the market. 1.5 Restriction of entry of new firms In a monopoly market, there are rigorous obstacles to the entrance of a new industry or a firm. Obstacles have entrance are physical and legal restraints that stint the entrance of new firms into the industry. A monopolist confronts no emulation because of obstacles of entrance. 1.6 Monopoly Diagram F:Sem3Micro assignmentmonopolyprofits1.gif Above on is the diagram of monopoly and I will explain about it below here. The profit maximizing output may be sold at Price P1 above the average cost AC at output Q1. The industry is producing unusual monopoly profits display by the yellow shaded area. The area of below ATC1 that displays the total cost of producing output Qm. Total cost amounts average overall cost multiplied by the output. 1.7 Conclusion Question 1 In my conclusion, it can let me deeply understanding and learning about what is monopoly. Monopoly in the market that is the only seller and has large number of buyers and selling the products that has no similar substitute and have a higher entrance and exit obstacle. Monopolist is the price marker it is the only seller or producer in the market so that it has the own right and power to contain the price. 2.0 Introduction Question 2 I will be discussing perfect competition, monopolist competition, oligopoly and the last of monopoly and those of it characteristics in the market. What are the standard to be in those of the perfect and monopolist competition even through oligopoly and monopoly in the market? I will also discussing those of its characteristics function and effect in the market. 2.1 Answer Question 2 2.2 Perfect Competition and its characteristics Perfect competition is referring to the market in which there are many buyers and sellers, the products are homogeneous and the sellers may readily join and leave from the market. 2.3 Large number of buyers and sellers The amount of a single seller sells in a market is so tiny emulated to the integrated industry. For examples, in an agricultural industry, there are thousands of duck producers in Thailand. Each industry producers have exclusive that containing a tiny of fraction of the overall agricultural firm. Even the industry increases its production; it also does not influence much on the entire firm, so that no one industry or seller can affect the price of the product in the market. 2.4 Homogenous or standardized product The consumers do not distinguish the products of one seller to another seller. For examples, the consumers cannot distinguish the duck sold in the industry A and industry B, so the industry cannot change distinct prices for the equally product in the market. 2.5 Free of entry and exit There is no restraint on enter into a new firms to the industry or leave the firms form the industry. For example, every industry who expect to open up a boutique can manipulate the business if he/ she has the essential elements of the production as the currently industry. Even if any industry worries about deficits it can exit the firm without any rules or restraints. 2.6 Role of non-price competition Selling cost are the expenses for expend to raise the sale of a product or raise the requirement for that product. For examples, we will not see any commercial in the mass media that broadcast about duck or floras specifically without any brand. 2.7 Perfect knowledge of the market Sellers and buyers also need to know the price of charged by others sellers in the market. For example, Phil has all of the information needed to grow Aloe vela. This is the similar information possessed by Becky, Dan, Alicia, and the other great number of aloe vela producers. Phil also knows that the going price of aloe vela is 50 cents. All of the aloe vela buyers know that the going price is fifty cents. 2.8 Absence of transport cost In perfect competition it is supposed that many companies task so occlude to each other that there are no any transport costs. 2.9 Monopolist Competition and its characteristics Monopolist competition is a market construction in which there are major numbers of small sellers betray distinguish products but there are occlude substitute products and it is liable join and leave from the market. Below here I would like to share about monopolist competition characteristics, and its have separate to five terms of specific. 2.10 Large number of seller and buyers In the monopolist competition market there are the major number of industries are retaining. For examples, by the shampoo firms, the prices for a 500ml shampoo scope among brands have included Sunsilk, Pantene, Loreal Professionals and other well industries. 2.11 Product differentiation Product differentiation it means the products of the firm is selling or producing that are deeply not similar. For example, if the foods are sold in open skin, then the fruits are in perfect competition market. But if the same fruits are packaged in a box and labeled as Health fruits, then this product is in monopolistic competition. 2.12 Easy entry and exit Any new industry that would join in an industry must find certain discrimination with the existing brands. For example, if Sunsilk shampoo wants to join into the shampoo firm, this industry must find certain distinct in terminology of diathesis, smell, model or labeling in order to be monopolistic competition. 2.13 Non-price competition Classes of non-price competition fulfills in monopolist competition market are included commercials, promotion, rebates, free gifts, after sales services and many others. For example, the opponent industries contend with each other through commercial by which they alter the buyers wants for their products and fascinate more buyers. 2.14 Selling cost Selling cost can be referring to expenses produce to fascinate buyers towards a special brand. For example, by these ways, the industry attempts to make a beneficial divert in requirement for the product and attempts to capture the market. 2.15 Oligopoly and its characteristics Oligopoly is a market construction in which there are exclusive a few industries selling either demarcated or distinguished products and it limits the entrance into the exit from the market. Oligopoly has a few of the characteristics and it will be discussed below the following. 2.16 Few numbers of firms Inside oligopoly the number of industries is small but size of the industries is large. For example, is premeditating oligopolistic if the top five industries produce half the firms overall yield. 2.17 Homogenous or differentiated product A product sold below oligopoly can be probably a homogeneous or a distinct product. For example, computer or household products implements produced by one firm are similar to another firm. Same as the petroleum sold by Malaysia is unanimous to the petroleum by Middle East countries like Iran, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. 2.18 Barriers to entry These unusual characteristics also provide assists in distinguishing an oligopolistic market from a monopolistic market, if a new industry be able to join in a monopolistic market and decrease advantage of the large industry. For examples, as a new industry attempt the imaginary telecommunications market deliberated earlier it will have to contend against already subsisting brand names, install a creating unit without certain initial sales or revenue from the business and it will need to come over with innovative production skills to support it in the long run. 2.19 Monopoly and its characteristics Monopoly is refers to a small firm or is the only producer and seller of a good that has no close substitute. 2.20 One seller and large number of buyers Monopoly industry only firm in the business line to selling a product which has no similar substitute. So normally there is no discrepancy between a firm and an industry in monopoly because there is only one seller in the market. Monopolist is a price marker means that there is only a seller and producer and it has the own right and powerful to control over the price in the market. 2.21 No close substitute It means that consumers or buyers could not find any similar substitute for the product in the market. For examples, Indah water it is the only seller of provided consumers or buyers for their water resources in the daily life and it is no similar substitute in the market. 2.22 Restriction of entry of new firms In a monopoly market, there are rigorous obstacles to the entrance of a new industry or a firm. Obstacles have entrance are physical and legal restraints that stint the entrance of new firms into the industry. A monopolist confronts no emulation because of obstacles of entrance. Perfect competition and monopolist competition are distinct to each other in that they depict deeply distinct markets scripts that relate distinct in prices, standard of emulation, number of market players, and classes of products sold. The definition of monopoly is one firm in the marketplace selling a special product. An oligopoly is a small body of an industry includes the market for a unusual product. In the fact, there can be several, or especially many smaller contestants to a monopoly or an oligopoly, but monopolist or oligopoly also contains the extensive share of the market. For example, criterion oil duplicity drove new participants out of the market before its break up. 2.23 Conclusion Question 2 In my conclusion, I can deeply understand and learned about the fourth of containing perfect competition, monopolist competition, oligopoly and monopoly. Above on, those of the classes also have their own characteristics in the market.

Andean/Incan People :: essays research papers

The Andean/Incan people The Andean/Incan people lived in the vast majority of the Andean Mountain ranges of Peru. They were mainly polytheistic and believed it was a series of gods who were responsible for providing the rain, maize, sun, etc. that was needed for daily survival.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Viracocha was the main and greatest god. He was held solely responsible for the creation of Earth, animals and man. He made men out of stone, replicated them and destroyed them according to his whim. Viracocha was considered he divine protector of the Incan rulers or â€Å"Incani’s†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Inti, the Sun god was the head of the state cult whose worship was mandatory. Every year a special festival called Inti-Raymi was held in Inti’s and the suns honor. Animal sacrifices and ritual dances marked and were often the highlight of the celebration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Daily prayers were addressed to Apu Illapu, the rain giver, who was responsible for sustaining the Incans food sources. His temples were set high on a mountain so in case there was a flood, the temple would not be destroyed. A flood signified Apu Illapu’s anger and meant a pilgrimage with human sacrifice was necessary to appease him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Human sacrifice was not widely practices in the Incan religion as opposed to the Aztec religion where human sacrifices were the norm. Both the Incan and the Aztec believed that human sacrifice was a necessity to appease the gods. They felt there was no greater gift than giving your life to a god. Therefore, the sacrificial person as well as the god was honored. Festivals and daily prayers were often marked with dancing, singing and special prayers to the particular god of what they desired. Both fasting and feasting marked super special festivals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Penitential rituals must be observed if a particular god is displeased. Murder as an act of war was not a punishable offense whereas murder as an act of vengeance was the gravest sin to be committed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Birth, puberty, marriage and death were all times for special rituals and sacrifices. Therefore, the Andean people’s lives mainly revolved around their religion as, without the gods, they would have nothing. The Spaniards The Spanish conquerors and missionaries arrived upon the New World around 1492 but it took a few years for them to get acclimated to the people and area before they started the conversion of the natives. The Spaniards were staunch Christians and mainly Catholics, under the rule of the Spanish Catholic monarchy.

The Mahabharata: a Brahminical Struggle for Power

The Mahabharata: A Brahminical Struggle for Power The desire for power has always been an issue throughout the ages. As foreign ideas and invaders became a threatening situation, the Brahmin caste during time of the Mahabharata responded by stressing the importance of dharma in society. The writers of the Mahabharata's twelfth book, The Book of Peace, place extra emphasis on dharma to not only maintain order within the kingdom, but also to preserve the social status of Brahmins and dissuade other castes from converting to new and foreign influences in the Mahabharata.To better understand why such an act was needed, this paper will discuss the Brahminical social status relative to other castes, the importance of dharma in society to Brahmins, the growing influence of the Buddhism in India, and lastly the presence of Jainism in society and it’s minor effect. During the period the Mahabharata was written, there was a clear defined four-tiered caste system consisting of the Sudras , Vaishyas, Kshatriya, and Brahmins. These classes were meant to maintain order by stressing that each class must to adhere to its proper dharma. The Sudras were the lowest level of the caste system.Known typically as slaves and workers, their dharma was to do be slaves or do hard labor. They held no power although they represented a large portion of society. They were owned by the Kshatriya, but they were considered â€Å"untouchable† by both Brahmins and Kshatriyas because of the impure stigma placed upon the class by the Brahmins. This idea of impurity of the Sudras pervaded even throughout the class itself, and at the pinnacle of the caste system, there were divisions within the Sudra class The Vaisyas were placed below the Kshatriya and Brahmins and â€Å"slightly above the Sudras† in the caste system.This class’s main focus was agriculture and livestock. Scholars such as Richard Fick state that, â€Å"Originally in the oldest Vedic age Vaiyas was a name o f the class of cattle-breeding and land-cultivating Aryan settlers, it later served the purpose of the theorizing Brahmins to bind together the unlimited number of social groups. † They were unable to receive education in Vedic traditions. Since they were the closest to Sudras in class, these two groups occasionally formed distinct classes referred to as â€Å"Gahapatis and Kutumbika†The Kshatriya class was known to consist of the warriors and kings of the caste system. They maintained a symbiotic relationship with the Brahmins. The Kshatriyas depended on the Brahmins to perform detailed rituals since they were the only ones who knew the knowledge to perform them. The Brahmins depended on the Kshatriyas for protection and sustenance. Although the Brahmins had the knowledge the Kshatriyas needed, this did not last. As the Kshatriyas gained access to Vedic literature, they demonstrated equal dedication to the texts as the Brahmins did .This access to Vedic literature prom pted the Kshatriyas to begin to question brahminical ways. As the Kshatryias became more educated, â€Å"kings were not happy with the parasitical life led by the brahminical class. † This questioning and dissatisfaction aided the development of new ideas and influences. The Brahmin class focused on performing rituals and the Vedic texts. They put new meaning to the saying, â€Å"knowledge is power. † Through their knowledge on how to perform complicated rituals and â€Å"special† mystical power, they were able to persuade all the other classes to give to them.Bhishma in the Mahabharata, â€Å"tells Yudhisthiria that priest of the sacrifice (rtvij), a family priest (purohita), a teacher, a disciple, relatives and kinsmen can be considered worthy of worship and honour if they are furnished with learning and virtue (Srutavrttopasamhita). † Essentially describing the Brahmins, Bhisma tells Yudhisthiria and all other classes to give to Brahmins since they ful fill the required criteria on who to give to. The Brahmins were the most organized class of the time, and this allowed them to declare their broad rule.It did not matter if the Kshatriyas had the thrown; the power over the thrown essentially made them the ruler of the land. Excess power corrupts, and the Brahmins were clearly overstepping their bounds. Kings began to see their relationship with Brahmins as parasitic rather than symbiotic. One of the most famous Kshatriya, Siddhartha Gautama, was raised with this mentality, and would use this as a base for Buddhism. However, Brahmins were still kept in high regard. In the Mahabharata, The Book of Peace is essentially a long argument in favor of Brahmins. It looked upon them as walking gods on earth who should be obeyed and honored. † Though this is the case, scholars such as V. S Sukthankar believe that â€Å"the tradition which revised and recast the epic according to the Vaishnava and brahmana need was the Brighu tradition. † One of these instances can be seen in â€Å"Top of the list of Bhargavas second only to Bhrgu himself, is Rama Jamadagnya, the militant brahmin hero responsible for the destruction of the ksatriyas, whether this story is intended to as a military or a literary victory. If Sukthankar’s theory is correct, the Brahminization of the Mahabharata exemplifies the power the Brahmins had in their era. They not only had the ability to influence public policy in the Vedic era, but also how they are portrayed in religious texts that transcend both borders and time. Braminization was not only a way to maintain power at the time, but ensure that their power be maintained for future Brahmins as well. Compared to all other classes, the brahminical class best understood the political and social needs of the time.This allowed them to gain increasing power and respect not only in their era, but future periods to come. Dharma was the way of life in the Vedic society. Adharmic acts are n ot taken lightly as seen in the Mahabharata when Yudhisthria’s chariot falls after half-lying about Asvattamma’s death. The idea of dharma can be traced back to the Vedic period when the concept of dharma was represented as the word rita . In Book 12, Bhisma defines dharma as, â€Å"it helps acquisition and preservation of wealth. The sages have declared that dharma restricts and limits all evil acts of men.All creatures prosper by the growth of dharma and deteriorate with its decay. † (12. 91, 14-15) Bhisma goes on to discuss how dharma is important in all parts of the caste or varna system. A majority of The Book of Peace is describing how a king should act, what should a kingdom provide, and how dharma needs to be followed (unless during special situations such as war), however, Bhisma spends time to educate what dharma means for those not in the position of king. Not only does Bhisma specify what type of lives Sudras, Vaishyas, Kshatriya, and Brahmins should live, but also how to live one’s life at specific ages.There are four modes of life that Bhisma reveals in The Book of Peace. The first is Brahmacharya Ashrama which instructs one to â€Å"lead a life of celibacy and obey the order of preceptor† (12. 168. 8. 10) . This time lasts from age 12 when a child goes to a preceptor and ends at the age of 25 when he returns. The next role is Grihastha Ashrama where Bhisma instructs one to â€Å"enjoy life, gratify his senses, follow all ethical sanctions enshrined in the Samayadarma and help people who were in distress† (12. 186. 11. 16) One should get married at the age of 25 and remain in this mode until 50 years old.At the age of 50, one enters Vanprastha Ashrama where he can accept the life of a hermit. At the late age of 75, one can enter Sanyasa Ashrama, where a hermit can detach himself further from the world and become an ascetic. These modes of life are directed towards the Bhramins, however, Kshatriyas can tak e on these roles, â€Å"after duly observing his caste duties, in his old age, could accept the hermit’s and ascetics mode of life† (12. 63. 16. 21) and â€Å"an aged Vaishya, after virtuously performing his duty and serving the king might adopt other modes of life with the king’s permission† (12. 3. 15) The class structures which include age are extremely structured. This is so because, â€Å"the social mechanism of dharma was a clear attempt to moderate class struggle and competition with the help of the varna system. † The caste system worked because of the wide understanding of dharma among its many followers. With the Braminzation Theory in mind, it is entirely possible that the Brahmins, through Bhisma’s voice, were the true advocates for dharmic living. The idea of dharma was to maintain the stability and the status quo of the time .The highly structured design acted as an instrument to fulfill the Brahmins desires. The importance of class structure focuses on maintaining the power of the Brahmins which is why it was alarming to witness Brahmins acting like Kshatriyas and vice versa. One of the developing influences during the Vedic period was Buddhism. Mentioned earlier, Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism, was born into the Kshatriya caste. This provided him with a primary bias against them, but his reasons for going against the brahminical caste were much deeper than an underlying bias.The Buddha was disgusted by the animal sacrifices to the Gods, along with the hypocritical and lying nature of the Brahmins. He was also â€Å"critical to their advice to kings† and â€Å"opposed to the Brahmin claim over the Kshatriyas. † To gain followers, the Buddha took advantage of the ailing brahminical caste. He showed support for the sudras by â€Å"speaking against the caste and admitting the sudra castes into the snagha . † The Buddha convinced the Kshatriyas to convert by using his family roots, and stressing his supremacy thus implicitly stating that Kshatryas were supreme.After gaining the Kshatriyas on his side, the Buddha moved on to the Vaisya class lending them money at an interest, and since the Vaisya class focused on livestock, Buddha’s rejection of animal sacrifices only added more reason for the Vaisya to join his snagha. Buddhism even managed to recruit â€Å"a significant part of their elite from good Brahmin families and which scattered the countryside with shrines and monasteries. † Furthermore, Buddhism gained strong support by Asoka the Great, an Indian emperor, who converted to Buddhism. Asoka did not reject the entire brahminical tradition.He also strongly desired for his people to be dharmic. His strong adherence to dharma rivals that of the Brahmins. The danger of Buddhism was not only the converts it was amassing, but the stressing of equality across all caste and the ridding of the caste system all together. Since much of the Bra hmin’s power was a result from the strict caste system, it was in their best interest to preserve it any way they could. In response the surge of Buddhism, the Mahabharata was released to counter the threat of outside invaders and new influences.This new text served to learn from the mistakes of past mistakes of the overextended Brahmin caste. â€Å"But the text does not resemble the hymns of the Veda at all; it is a narrative text which is replete with all manner of didactic wisdom. And it is a text which has, in its intention, and in fact, moved away from the social exclusivism and esotericism of the Vedic Brahmin tradition. † The act of adaptation of the Brahminical tradition is impressive because it maintains the same concepts conveyed through the first four Vedas while presenting it in a new fashion that speaks to the audience of that era.Although a remarkable cause, Buddhism waned in India because â€Å"the Kshatriyas were afraid of Buddhism because it threatene d the very foundation of their existence as a class as oppressed people encouraged by its equality preaching were trying to rise† In response to this rising issue, the Brahmins and Kshatriyas formed a new alliance to reestablish the caste system , and as a result, Buddhism slowly faded in India. An additional threat to the Brahmins at the time was Jainism.Lead by Mahavira, a born and raised Kshatriya who renounced his caste, Jainism became an increasing threat to the Brahmins. â€Å"In this remarkable spiritual exploration of Mahavira, there was a break with traditionalism, the response and challenge to the orthodoxy of the Brahmins. † Although Jainism is not a considered a â€Å"revolt† against Brahmanism since it some of the tenets find roots in Vedic ideas , many of the ideas were alarming to the Brahmins. Mahavira did not think of the Vedas as authority and did not believe that the Brahmins â€Å"were the bearers of spiritual truth .He also viewed animal sac rifices as wrong and rejected the animal ritual sacrifices such as the Horse Sacrifice popular in Vedic Brahmanism. â€Å"There is no doubt that the emphasis on ahimsa, non-killing was a reaction against the Brahminic sacrifices which required sacrifices of live animals† Although alarming to the Brahmins, Jainism had unattractive qualities which dissuaded many from converting to the lifestyle. Since â€Å"Jainism was less of an anti-caste than anti-Brahmin movement† , those angry with the current caste system did not find much reason to convert.Kshatriyas found this new ideology unappealing because it asked them to forego their warrior and bloody lifestyle to one that had no blood or violence. Despite these unappealing qualities, Jainism still managed to amass a group a followers particularly from the Vaiysa caste which sought to increase their status and distinguish themselves from the Sudras. Although a smaller influential group, Jainism still was a threat to the Bra hmin way of life which demanded addressing. The ultimate goal of politics transcends time. In today’s society, politics emains the same – a constant battle for power. Through analyzing the Bhraminical social status relative to other castes, the importance of dharma in society, the growing influence of the Buddhism in India, and the presence of invaders during the time of the Mahabharata, it is apparent that they were on the top of the caste system and were reluctant to move from that position even when many pressures were apparent. It is quite remarkable how the Mahabharata not only serves as present day religion text, but also as a response to the growing influences of Buddhism and Jainism.It is further exemplified that dharma is used as a tool to maintain order within the kingdom and attempt to preserve the social status of the Brahmins. Although the brahminical power eventually ended, their epic passion and zeal to maintain their status is not only inspiring, but al so deserves some reorganization in the Indian Epic, the Mahabharata. Works Cited Ahir, D. C. Asoka the Great. Delhi: B. R. Pub. Corp. , 1995. 9-137. Brekke, Torkel. â€Å"Contradiction and the Merit of Giving in Indian Religions. † International Review for the History of Religions 45 (1998): 302.Chousalkar, Ashok S. â€Å"Social and Political Implications of Concept of Dharma. † Social and Political Implications of Concepts of Justice & Dharma. Delhi: Mittal Publications, 1986. 55-112. Fitzgerald, James L. â€Å"Journal of the American Academy of Religion. † The Great Epic of India as Religious Rhetoric: A Fresh Look at the â€Å"Mahabharata 51 (1983): 611-30. Fitzgerald, James L. The Mahabharata: 11. the Book of the Women, 12. the Book of Peace, Part One. Vol. 7. Chicago, Ill. ; London: University of Chicago P, 2004. 79-124. Gandhi, Raj S. The Rise of Jainism and its Adoption by the Vaishyas of India : a Case Study in Sanskritisation and Status Mobility. † Social Compass 24 (1977): 247-60. Hiltebeitel, Alf. â€Å"Empire, Invasion, and India's National Epics. † International Journal of Hindu Studies 2 (1998): 387-421. Ilaiah, Kancha. â€Å"Pre-Buddhist Society. † God as Political Philosopher: Buddha's Challenge to Brahminism. Kolkata: Mandira Sen for Samya, 2001. 27-43. Leslie, Julia. â€Å"Identifying â€Å"Valmiki in the Early Sanskrit Text. † Authority and Meaning in Indian Religions: Hinduism and the Case of Valmiki. Aldershot, Hants, Engand: Ashgate, 2003. 83.

Pink-Collar Ghetto for Women

Pink-Collar Ghetto for Women The term â€Å"pink-collar ghetto† means that many women are stuck in certain jobs, mostly low-paying jobs, and usually because of their sex. â€Å"Ghetto† is used figuratively to evoke an area where people are marginalized, often for economic and social reasons. â€Å"Pink-collar† denotes jobs historically held only by women (maid, secretary, waitress, etc.)   The Pink-Collar Ghetto   The Women’s Liberation Movement brought about many changes for the acceptance of women in the workplace throughout the 1970s. However, sociologists still observed a pink-collar workforce, and women still did not earn as much as men overall. The term pink-collar ghetto reflected this discrepancy and revealed one of the major ways women were at a disadvantage in society.   Pink-Collar vs. Blue-Collar Jobs Sociologists and feminist theorists who wrote about the pink-collar workforce observed that pink-collar jobs often required less education and paid less than white-collar office jobs, but also paid less than blue-collar jobs typically held by men. The blue-collar jobs (construction, mining, manufacturing, etc.) required less formal education than white-collar jobs, but the men who held blue-collar jobs were often unionized and tended to receive better pay than the women stuck in the pink-collar ghetto. The Feminization of Poverty The phrase was used in a 1983 work by Karin Stallard, Barbara Ehrenreich and Holly Sklar called Poverty in the American Dream: Women and Children First. The authors analyzed the feminization of poverty and the fact that the increased number of women in the workforce were largely working the same jobs as they had since the previous century.

Whats a Good SAT Score for 2018

What's a Good SAT Score for 2018 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Another year, another chance to take the SAT! If you're taking the SAT this year, you might be wondering: just what is a good SAT score for 2018? Is there a particular score I should be aiming for to make sure I get into the colleges I want to go to? To answer the question of what good SAT scores for 2018 are, this article looks at a few different definitions of what makes a good SAT score, and how this has changed over time. We also explain why SAT score goals should be specific to each student and give you step-by-step instructions for choosing your target SAT score. What Is a Good SAT Score for 2018 Overall? On an individual level, a good SAT score is any score that gets you into at least one of the schools you want to go to. To figure out what a good 2018 SAT score is for all students, however, we'll need to take a broader view of SAT score data. The best way to do this is to take a look at the most recent data for the average SAT score and SAT score percentiles and see how your scores and percentiles compare. As a general rule, good SAT scores are ones that place you in the top half of test-takers; the farther above average your score is, the better. Similarly, a not-so-good SAT score is one that lands you in the bottom half of test-takers (and the further below average your score is, the worse). The latest College Board data indicates that the average SAT score for graduating seniors was 1060 (533 Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW), 527 Math), which means that good SAT scores for 2018 are those above the average SAT score of 1060/1600. To take a closer look at the different levels of performance on the SAT, we've created a chart with SAT percentiles and scores using data from students who took the new SAT and graduated in 2017. Remember that a percentile score tells you what proportion of students performed at or below your level (e.g., a 50th percentile score means 50% of students performed as well as or worse than you). Percentile EBRW Math TOTAL 90th percentile (excellent) 670* 680* 1340* 73rd percentile (good) 600 590 1180 50th percentile (average) 530** 520** 1050** 25th percentile (poor) 460 450 910* 10th percentile (very poor) 400 390 810* Source: SAT Understanding Scores 2017 *Score is one percentile higher than percentile listed (e.g. 91st or 24th percentiles).**Score is one percentile lower than percentile listed (e.g. 49th percentile). (Note that the percentiles of the total scores aren't always equal to the percentiles of the sum of the section scores. This is most likely due to score rounding, since scores are reported in increments of 10; for instance, the real 91st percentile EBRW and Math scores might be 665 and 675 respectively, which sum up to a total 91st percentile score of 1340, but round up to 670 and 680.) One (potentially surprising) number jumps right off the top of the chart- your SAT score doesn't need to break 1500, or even 1400, to put you in the top 10% of students. As the chart above indicates, a score of 1340 is in the 91st percentile! Thus, any score at or above 1340 is extremely impressive. On the lower end, any total score between 400 and 810 (a pretty wide range) puts you in the bottom 10 percent of test takers. If you raise your score to a 910, you'll still be performing worse than 75 percent of test takers. Because of this, it's pretty safe to say that any score at or below 910 is a bad SAT score. As we said earlier in this article, comparing your performance on the SAT to all other students who took the SAT is a fairly general way to look at things. After all, the main reason you want to perform well on the SAT is not just to have bragging rights that you got a high score, but to get into college. Depending on what colleges you apply to, a 91st percentile score could be way more than you need- or it could be lower than the score of the lowest-scoring accepted student. So how do you figure out what a good SAT score is for your specific circumstances? What's a Good 2018 SAT Score for You? In the end, when it comes to figuring out what a good SAT score is, what really matters is finding the score that's good for you. This means calculating what score you'll need to have a good chance of admission to the schools you want to get into. At PrepScholar, we refer to this as your target score. What you choose as your target score should depend entirely on what schools you're applying to. For example, for a student applying to highly competitive schools like Caltech (1560 average SAT score) or Yale (1540 average SAT score), a good SAT score will be at or just below 1600. But for a student applying to schools like UC Merced, a solid target score might be something closer to 1250. Where are these specific numbers coming from? Find out in the next section that will take you through calculating your target SAT score, step by step. Choosing an SAT Score Goal for 2018 Below, we'll walk you through the three vital steps to follow to determine your score goal. You can download a PDF of a blank chart from this ebook, or create one yourself. Here's an example of what your chart might look like: School Name 25th Percentile SAT Score 75th Percentile SAT Score Step 1: Fill In Your Schools The first step is to list the schools you know you want to apply to in the far left column, like this: School Name 25th Percentile SAT Score 75th Percentile SAT Score Wellesley College Wesleyan College Ohio Wesleyan University Wells College Note: This is just an example list. We don't recommend picking schools solely based on the fact that their names sound similar. If you're not sure what schools you'll be applying to yet, you can still list the ones that have been suggested to you by guidance counselors, parents, teachers, and friends. To arrive at the most accurate target score, though, it's better to take the time to research schools and figure out which ones you're interested in, then add them to your list. Think about what schools you plan to apply to, then write the names down in your target score chart. Victor van Werkhooven/Flickr. Step 2: Find SAT Score Information for Your Schools The next step is to find out the 25th and 75th percentile out-of-1600 SAT scores for your schools. (If you want to figure out what scores you should aim for in Math and Evidence-Based Reading and Writing as well, go to this link to download the charts.) A quick way to do this is to look for your schools in our PrepScholar college database. Start by searching for "[School Name] prepscholar sat or "[School Name] prepscholar". You can then go to either the admissions requirements page or the SAT and GPA page- both have SAT score information. Scan the page for the school's new SAT score information; specifically, you're looking for the 25th and 75th percentile scores. This information is important because it will tell you the SAT scores of the middle 50 percent of admitted applicants for that specific school. If you can't find your school in our database, you can search each school's website for their most recent admissions information (usually in their Common Data Set or Incoming Class Profile pages). However, because no two college websites are organized the same way, this is a long and arduous task, particularly if you're looking at 10+ schools (which is why we recommend using the PrepScholar database first). You'll also need to make sure the scores on the school pages are for the new SAT and not the out-of-2400 SAT; if they are for the old SAT, you can convert them to the new SAT scale using these conversion charts. Here's our sample target score chart again, now with SAT score information filled out for each school: School Name 25th Percentile SAT Score 75th Percentile SAT Score Wellesley College 1370 1530 Wesleyan College 1340 1520 Ohio Wesleyan University 1090 1320 Wells College 1020 1240 Step 3: Calculate Your Target SAT Score Finally, it's time to calculate your target score. For your best shot at getting into your schools, you'll want this score to be the highest 75th percentile score in your chart (since that will mean you're scoring as well as or better than at least 75% of all admitted students in all the other schools as well). In our sample chart, this score is an extremely high 1530- a 99+ percentile score! If this target score is so high as to seem completely unobtainable and hopeless, you can aim for a slightly lower score. Ideally, this score will be the second-highest 75th percentile score (in our sample chart, a 1520- not much different), or in between the second-highest and highest 75th percentile scores. You can also always go with the median of the 75th percentile score column in your chart (in our sample chart, (1520+1320)/2=1420), although this may pull down your chances of getting into the schools with higher 75th percentile scores. Alternatively, you can start out by aiming for this lower score, then upping your goals once you attain it. Once you have your target total SAT score, you can also calculate your rough target section scores by dividing your total target score by two and rounding up. In our example of a 1530 target total score, this gives us target section scores of 770 for Evidence-Based Reading and Writing and Math. (If you do want to calculate exact target scores for each section, follow the instructions in this article.) Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Are Good SAT Scores in 2018 Different From Past Years' Good SAT Scores? We've now gone through three different criteria that can be used to determine what a good SAT score is: a score higher than the average SAT score, a score higher than 90% of students' scores, or a score higher than scores of 75% of students admitted to the schools you're applying to. But you might still have the lingering question: are good SAT scores in 2018 different from what good SAT scores were in past years? The short answer to this question: no, there's not really a difference between good SAT scores in 2018 vs. good SAT scores in past years. The longer answer involves getting back down into the details of SAT score data. Because 2017 was the first year the College Board released information about performance on the new out-of-1600 SAT, any comparison of those scores with past years' SAT scores requires score conversion. In the table below, I've converted the 2017 SAT score averages to the old SAT format for ease of comparison. Average SAT Scores 2006-2017 Year Total Critical Reading Writing Math 2006 1518 503 497 518 2007 1508 501 493 514 2008 1507 500 493 514 2009 1505 499 492 514 2010 1506 500 491 515 2011 1500 497 489 514 2012 1498 496 488 514 2013 1498 496 488 514 2014 1497 497 487 513 2015 1490 495 484 511 2016 1484 494 482 508 2017* 1450* 500* 450* 500* Table data taken from College Board's Total Group Reports 2016 and 2017.*Data converted from new 1600 SAT format to old SAT format. At first glance, it might seem like there's been a slight decline in average SAT scores over the last ten years, with a huge drop this past year for Writing in particular. If you go by averages alone, then it's easy to conclude that a good SAT score is lower for 2018 than it was in the past. However, there are a couple of important factors that you need to take into account when looking at this data. Converting between the old and new SAT is tricky because of how different the tests are, and Writing scores are particularly difficult to compare between the old and new SAT because old SAT Writing scores took your essay score into account, while new SAT Writing scores don't. It's possible that the 30-point Writing score drop in 2017 because the College Board didn't get the conversion quite right when removing the essay. Furthermore, averages are just one way of tracking changing scores. Another isthe distribution of SAT scores. Let's look at how the range of scores changed from 2011- 2016. (I've left out scores on the new SAT scale for clarity's sake.) SAT Score Percentiles 2011-2016 Year # tested 90th %ile 75th %ile 50th %ile 25th %ile 10th %ile 2011 1,647,123 1930-1940 1720 1490 1280 1110 2012 1,664,479 1930-1940 1720 1490 1280 1100 2013 1,660,047 1930-1940 1720 1490 1280 1100 2014 1,672,395 1930-1940 1720 1490 1270 1090-1100 2015 1,698,521 1930-1940 1720 1480 1260 1080-1090 2016 1,637,589 1930-1940* 1710-1720* 1470-1480* 1260-1270* 1090-1100* *2016 percentiles are approximate and based on PrepScholar's calculations, as the College Board did not release percentile data that year. Number of test takers for that year is from the College Board. As with averages, some of the percentile scores (mostly the 10th-50th percentile scores) have gone down a little bit over time. Over the years, as more students took the SAT each year, fewer test takers were reaching certain scores each year, which lowered the percentile scores. The changes in percentile scores, however, are fairly slight: of the percentile scores that decreased, almost all dropped by only 10 or 20 points, which is not enough of a change to indicate a significant trend. Interestingly, some of the percentile scores didn't change at all over the same period of time. From 2011 to 2016, the 90th percentile scores remained exactly the same, and the 75th percentile score nearly so, meaning that the same percentage of test takers were scoring at or near these scores each year. The overall consistency in SAT score percentiles, coupled with the fact that students may take the SAT over multiple calendar years (e.g., fall and spring junior year) suggests that what's a good SAT score hasn't changed much in the last few years. In Conclusion: What Are Good SAT Scores for 2018? There are multiple ways to define what is a good SAT score for 2018. The broadest comparison means looking at your SAT score and comparing it to the average SAT score (1060). If you scored at or above the average SAT score, you did well; if you scored below this score, you did not. A slightly more nuanced view takes into account different score percentiles and lets you compare your score against categories like the top 10% and the bottom 10% of students (1340 and 910 total SAT scores, respectively). If your score is equal to or above 1340, then congratulations- you're part of the top 10% of students who took the SAT! If your score is at or below 910, then you're in the bottom 10% of all students who took the SAT, and will probably need some dedicated studying to bring your SAT score up to your target score. While averages and percentiles give you an objective way to compare your score to the scores of other students, however, the most helpful way to think about it is to compare your score to the scores of students admitted to colleges you want to attend. To do this, you'll need to pick a target score, and then shape your SAT studying around meeting that goal. Ultimately, a good SAT score is one that gets you into the colleges you want to go to. If you follow our guidelines for choosing a score goal and work hard to attain it, you'll guarantee yourself a strong chance of being admitted to the schools you want to get into. Hitting your target SAT score takes you one more step up the ladder to reach your college admission goals. What's Next? Figuring out your target score is just the first step of planning out your test prep schedule. To find out what other steps you need to take, follow our guide to building your very own SAT study plan. If you haven't scheduled your SAT yet, you'll want to get on that (or at least get an idea of when the test is offered this year). Use our guide to choosing an SAT test date to see what your options are. Not quite hitting your target score yet? We have two sets of strategies, tailored to students at different skill levels. If you're regularly getting a 600+ on Math and EBRW but aren't quite hitting the score you need, be sure to read our articles on how to get a perfect SAT score and perfect Math, Reading, and Writing scores. If you're aiming for a 1200 total SAT score but aren't there yet, then our articles on how to improve low Math, Reading, and Writing SAT scores will be a better fit. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: